Action 35

France has concluded several intergovernmental agreements related civil nuclear cooperation with third countries (Australia, Ukraine, Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Mexico, Morocco, Mongolia, Morocco, Tunisia, Vietnam, Slovakia, Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, Brazil, Argentina, Switzerland….), which include clauses that make the materials, goods and equipment subject to IAEA safeguards. Civil nuclear cooperation with third countries is conditioned to their implementation of safeguards.

The United States has been a member of all major multilateral non-proliferation regimes for decades, including the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Zangger Committee, the Missile Technology Control Regime, the Australia Group, and the Wassenaar Arrangement. The United States maintains control lists that correspond directly to those maintained by the aforementioned export control regimes, and also includes unilateral control imposed by the United States, such as the U.S. Munitions List. Exporters generally must submit a license request with the appropriate agency for any item on one of these lists. License requests typically go through an extensive review process, including review by interested U.S. government agencies, such as the Department of Defense, Department of Energy, the intelligence community, and NASA, as well as interested bureaus within the Department of State. The U.S. export control system also relies on catch-all controls to ensure that dual-use exports, which are not otherwise subject to export controls, are capable of being tracked, discussed with the recipient government, or even denied as an export transaction.