Action 38 - NPT Monitor

China

What has the NWS done so far (prior to the current Review Cycle 2022–2026)?

China has consistently emphasized Article IV rights and opposed restrictions that it considers discriminatory or inconsistent with the NPT.

China has supported peaceful nuclear cooperation, especially for developing countries and the Global South. For instance:

China has steadily increased financial contributions to IAEA’s Technical Cooperation Fund (TCF), which supports peaceful nuclear projects in developing states. By August 2022, China has become the second-largest donor to the TCF, having contributed a total of nearly $100 million to the fund, with an annual donation of over $10 million since 2020.
China has helped build human capacity by receiving more than 4,000 visits from other developing countries for the purposes of personnel training in science and technology areas, and sending over 3,000 Chinese experts to developing countries to provide services as of August 2022.
China has in October 2021 signed an agreement with the IAEA to strengthen South-South and triangular cooperation. Under the agreement, the IAEA is leveraging China’s wealth of institutional experience to assist developing countries’ efforts to achieve the SDGs. The agreement was the first of its kind for the IAEA with a national overseas development agency (CIDCA).

China has promoted UNGA language on peaceful-use cooperation in the context of international security.

What is the NWS doing on this action in the current Review Cycle 2022–2026?

China has continued the above policy and practice. For instance:

China has continued to support the TCF. By May 2025, China has donated over $120 million to TCF.
China has put China Atomic Energy Authority (CAEA)-IAEA-African Union cooperation on peaceful uses of nuclear technologies into the outcome document of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in September 2024.
China has continued its call for greater assistance to developing countries/Global South regarding the use of nuclear energy.
China has signed key agreements with IAEA to deepen cooperation targeting the Global South, including in sectors like nuclear security, agriculture, healthcare, environment, and basic nuclear scientific research.
China has committed to leveraging China’s nuclear research institutes and universities to train professionals from developing countries, thereby building human-resource capacity in the nuclear field globally.
China has actively supported the IAEA’s “Ray of Hope” initiative, which expands cancer therapy capabilities in Africa using nuclear medicine, by providing various training workshops and scholarships.

Sources

China’s Views and Recommendations on Promoting International Cooperation on Peaceful Uses in the Context of International Security, updated April 24, 2022

IAEA and China’s Development Agency Sign Groundbreaking Agreement to Support Developing Countries, Oct 15, 2021

Statement by H.E. Amb. Li Song on the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy at the Tenth NPT Review Conference, Aug 8, 2022

Statement of the Chinese Delegation at the Thematic Discussion on Nuclear Weapons at the First Committee of the 78th Session of the UNGA, Oct 16, 2023

IAEA DG Grossi in China: Nuclear Energy, Safety and Cooperation, May 26, 2023

核医疗点亮“希望之光”——国际原子能机构放射治疗物理师培训班正式开班, Sep 3, 2024

核医疗点亮非洲“希望之光”, May 6, 2023

2024 The Atomic Energy Scholarship Program of China, Feb 23, 2024

China, IAEA to deepen cooperation for Global South’s development, April 10, 2025

Give Full Play to the Role of the NPT in Promoting Peace and Development in the New Era – Working paper submitted by China, Apr 26, 2025

Statement by the Chinese Delegation on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy at the Third Session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2026 NPT Review Conference, May 9, 2025

Implementation of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in the People’s Republic of China, NPT/CONF.2026/33, 17 April 2026

France

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What has the NWS done so far (prior to the current Review Cycle 2022–2026)?

France supports the legitimate right of all States parties, in particular developing States, to full access to nuclear material, equipment and technological information for peaceful purposes civil applications of the atom in fields such as health, agriculture, protection of the environment and cultural heritage, and energy; as long as states are in compliance with their non-proliferation commitments. France in particular promotes the use of civilian nuclear energy, for which the French nuclear industry is especially active in framing international cooperation.

What is the NWS doing on this action in the current Review Cycle 2022–2026?

France has continued to support the legitimate right of all States parties, in particular developing States, to full access to nuclear material, equipment and technological information for peaceful purposes civil applications of the atom in fields such as health, agriculture, protection of the environment and cultural heritage, and energy; as long as states are in compliance with their non-proliferation commitments. At the 2023 NPT Preparatory, France presented a working paper on nuclear energy including developments on areas of cooperation and in 2025, a paper on principles and areas of engagement regarding bilateral nuclear cooperation. On 6 May 2025, it organised a side-event at the NPT Preparatory Committee dedicated to nuclear technologies used to fight against cancer. It organised a side-event in 2023 and 2024 on nuclear applications in preserving cultural and natural heritage and submitted a working paper at the 2025 NPT Preparatory Committee on the same topic.

Sources

National Report submitted by France. Report submitted by France under actions 5, 20 and 21 of the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (2022–2026). NPT/CONF.2026/PC.III/2. 7 March 2025, https://docs.un.org/en/NPT/CONF.2026/PC.III/2

Third NPT Preparatory Committee – Peaceful Uses and Other Provisions of the Treaty – May 7, 2025 in New York, Statement by Nathalie Le Bars, 7 May 2025, https://onu-vienne.delegfrance.org/Third-NPT-Preparatory-Committee-Peaceful-Uses-and-Other-Provisions-of-the

Nuclear energy: Presentation of France’s offer Working paper submitted by France, NPT/CONF.2026/PC.I/WP.26, 27 July 2023, https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/npt/prepcom23/documents/WP26.pdf

Atoms for heritage: peaceful use of nuclear techniques for heritage science Working paper submitted by Albania, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, Germany, Netherlands (Kingdom of the), Peru, Portugal, Romania, Singapore, Slovenia, Spain, NPT/CONF.2026/PC.III/WP.21, 1 April 2025, https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/npt/prepcom25/documents/WP21.pdf

France’s bilateral nuclear cooperation: principles and areas of engagement Working paper submitted by France, NPT/CONF.2026/PC.III/WP.13, 4 March 2025, https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/npt/prepcom25/documents/WP13.pdf

Russia

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What has the NWS done so far (prior to the current Review Cycle 2022–2026)?

Russia consistently asserted that international non-proliferation efforts should not lead to unreasonable restrictions on legitimate trade in dual-use goods and technologies and on civil scientific and technological cooperation.

What is the NWS doing on this action in the current Review Cycle 2022–2026?

Russia continued to advocate broader access for States Parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty to the benefits of peaceful nuclear energy and reaffirmed that each State Party has the right to pursue its national nuclear energy policy independently without interference, and to cooperate in this field without discrimination.

Russia additionally noted that imposing unilateral coercive measures, creating artificial barriers to bilateral and international cooperation and undermining the principle of equal access to nuclear materials, equipment and technical information to be used for peaceful purposes are violations of article IV of the Treaty.

Sources

National report of the Russian Federation for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (New York), 21 May 2015.

https://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2015/pdf/NPT-CONF2015-48_National%20report%20of%20the%20Russian%20Fed_E.pdf

National report of the Russian Federation, 2026 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (New York), 2 March 2026.

https://docs.un.org/en/NPT/CONF.2026/14

National report of the Russian Federation, 2020 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (New York), 19 March 2021.

https://docs.un.org/en/NPT/CONF.2020/17/Rev.1

United Kingdom

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What has the NWS done so far (prior to the current Review Cycle 2022–2026)?

The UK’s 10th Review Conference national report confirmed the UK’s commitment to ensuring that other countries benefit from the UK’s expertise and experience through full participation in bilateral and multilateral fora, as well as providing financial support to the IAEA’s Technical Cooperation Programme and the Peaceful Uses Initiative.

What is the NWS doing on this action in the current Review Cycle 2022–2026?

The United Kingdom has been a consistent supporter of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and states that it recognises “the inalienable right of NPT States parties to the development, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, as set out in the NPT.” Transfers of nuclear materials, equipment, and technology for peaceful purposes are enabled through the UK’s export licensing system in alignment with the Nuclear Suppliers Group framework. The UK states it would only refuse an export licence application if the intended transfer would be inconsistent with its export licensing framework.

The UK emphasises that cooperation for peaceful uses should be attentive to the Global South requirements across health, agriculture, water and energy and go beyond technology transfer to include capacity-building, skills development and institutional readiness.

Sources

Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (2021). UK national report pursuant to Actions 5, 20 and 21 of the NPT Review Conference 2010, for the 10th NPT Review Conference. 1 November. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/treaty-on-the-non-proliferation-of-nuclear-weapons-uk-national-report-for-the-10th-review-conference

Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (2026). National report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to actions 5, 20 and 21 of the action plan of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons for the eleventh Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty (London). <https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/69df600a53469bbcdf408e8b/UK-National-Report-11th-Treaty-on-the-Non-Proliferation-of-Nuclear-Weapons-NPT-Review-Conference.pdf>.

Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (2026). National report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to actions 5, 20 and 21 of the action plan of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons for the eleventh Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty (London).<https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/69df600a53469bbcdf408e8b/UK-National-Report-11th-Treaty-on-the-Non-Proliferation-of-Nuclear-Weapons-NPT-Review-Conference.pdf>

Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (2026). National report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to actions 5, 20 and 21 of the action plan of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons for the eleventh Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty (London). <https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/69df600a53469bbcdf408e8b/UK-National-Report-11th-Treaty-on-the-Non-Proliferation-of-Nuclear-Weapons-NPT-Review-Conference.pdf>, p. 25.

United Kingdom (2026). Good Practice in International Collaboration on Peaceful Uses and Non-Proliferation. Working Paper submitted to the 2026 Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons NPT/CONF.2026/WP.8. 2 March.

United States

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